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{{Infobox element |number=81 |symbol=Tl |name=鉈 |enname=Thallium |left=[[汞]] |right=[[鉛]] |above=[[銦]] |below=[[Uut]] |series=貧金屬 |group=13 |period=6 |block=p |image name= Thallium pieces in ampoule.jpg |appearance=銀白色 |atomic mass= 204.38 |atomic mass 2=1 |electron configuration= &#91;[[氙]]&#93; 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹ |electrons per shell= 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 |phase= 固體 |density gpcm3nrt= 11.85 |density gpcm3mp= 11.22 |melting point K=577 |melting point C=304 |melting point F=579 |boiling point K=1746 |boiling point C=1473 |boiling point F=2683 |heat fusion= 4.14 |heat vaporization= 165 |heat capacity= 26.32 |vapor pressure 1= 882 |vapor pressure 10= 977 |vapor pressure 100= 1097 |vapor pressure 1 k= 1252 |vapor pressure 10 k= 1461 |vapor pressure 100 k= 1758 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure= 六方密堆積 | oxidation states = 3, 2, '''1'''<br />（微[[堿性]]氧化物） |electronegativity= 1.62 |number of ionization energies=3 |1st ionization energy= 589.4 |2nd ionization energy= 1971 |3rd ionization energy= 2878 |atomic radius= 170 |covalent radius= 145±7 |Van der Waals radius= 196 |magnetic ordering= [[抗磁性]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </ref> |electrical resistivity at 20= 0.18 μ |thermal conductivity= 46.1 |thermal expansion at 25= 29.9 |speed of sound rod at 20= 818 |Young's modulus= 8 |Shear modulus= 2.8 |Bulk modulus= 43 |Poisson ratio= 0.45 |Mohs hardness= 1.2 |Brinell hardness= 26.4 |CAS number= 7440-28-0 |isotopes= {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=203 | sym=Tl | na=29.524% | n=122}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=204 | sym=Tl | na=[[放射性同位素|人造]] | hl=3.78年 | dm1=[[β衰變|β^?]] | de1=0.764 | pn1=204 | ps1=Pb | dm2=[[電子捕獲|ε]] | de2=0.347 | pn2=204 | ps2=Hg}} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=205 | sym=Tl | na=70.476% | n=124}} |isotopes comment=帶括號的衰變模式為理論預測，尚未有實驗觀測證實 |discovered by=[[威廉·克魯克斯]] |discovery date=1861 |first isolation by=[[克洛德-奧古斯特·拉米]] |first isolation date=1862 }} '''鉈'''（'''Thallium'''）是一種化學元素，符號為'''Tl'''，[[原子]]序為81。鉈是一[[種質]]軟的灰色貧金屬，在自然界中并不以單質存在。鉈金屬外表和錫相似，但會在空氣中失去光澤。兩位化學家威廉·克魯克斯和克洛德-奧古斯特·拉米在1861年獨立發現了這一元素。他們都是在[[硫酸]]反應殘留物中發現了鉈，并運用了當時新發明的火焰[[光譜]]法對其進行了鑒定，觀測到鉈會產生明顯的綠色譜線。其名稱“Thallium”由克魯克斯提出，來自希臘文中的“{{lang|el|θαλλ??}}”（thallos），即“綠芽”之意。翌年，拉米用電解法成功分離出鉈金屬。 鉈在氧化后，一般擁有+3或+1氧化態，形成離子鹽。其中+3態與同樣屬于[[硼族元素|硼族]]的硼、鋁、鎵和[[銦]]相似；但是鉈的+1態則比其他同族元素顯著得多，而且和堿金屬的+1態相近。鉈(I)離子在自然界中大部份出現在含鉀礦石中。生物[[細胞]]的離子泵處理鉈(I)離子的方式也和鉀(I)類似。 在商業開采方面，鉈是硫化重金屬礦提煉過程的副產品之一。總產量的60至70%應用在電子工業，其余則用于制藥工業和玻璃產業。<ref name="sl2001"/>鉈還被用在[[紅外線]]探測器中。[[放射性同位素]][[鉈-201]]（以水溶[[氯化鉈]]的形態），在[[核醫學]]掃描中可用作示蹤劑，例如用于[[心臟]]負荷測試。 水溶鉈鹽大部份幾乎無味，且都是[[毒性|劇毒物]]，曾被用作殺鼠劑和[[殺蟲劑]]以及謀殺工具。這類[[化合物]]的使用已經被多國禁止或限制。[[鉈中毒]]會造成[[脫發]]。<ref>{{cite book|title = The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium| page = 14| first =Heather|last = Hasan|year = 2009| isbn = 978-1-4358-5333-1|publisher = Rosen Publishing Group}}</ref> ==性質== 鉈金屬非常軟，可延展性很高，在室溫下可以用刀切割。它具有金屬光澤，但在接觸空氣之后，會變為藍灰色，與鉛相似。長期置于空氣中的鉈會形成厚厚的氧化表層。要保存它的光澤，可以將其浸泡在油里。當接觸水后，會形成氫氧化鉈。硫酸和[[硝酸]]能快速溶解鉈，分別形成硫酸亞鉈和硝酸亞鉈，而[[氫氯酸]]則會使鉈表面形成一層不可溶的氯化鉈。<ref name="HollemanAF">{{cite book|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|year = 1985|edition = 91–100|pages = 892–893|isbn = 3-11-007511-3|title = Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first = Arnold F.|last = Holleman|coauthors = Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils|chapter =Thallium|language = German}}</ref>其[[標準電極]][[電勢]]為?0.34，比鐵的?0.44稍低。 ===[[同位素]]=== {{main|鉈的同位素}} 鉈共有25種同位素，原子量介乎184和210之間。穩定同位素有²⁰³Tl和²⁰⁵Tl，而²⁰⁴Tl則是最穩定的放射性同位素，半衰期有3.78年。<ref name="Audi">{{cite journal| last = Audi|first = Georges|title = The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties|journal = Nuclear Physics A|volume = 729| issue = 1|pages = 3–128| publisher = Atomic Mass Data Center|year = 2003| doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001| bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A| last2 = Bersillon| first2 = O.| last3 = Blachot| first3 = J.| last4 = Wapstra| first4 = A.H.}}</ref> ²⁰²Tl（半衰期12.23天）可以在回旋加速器中合成，<ref>{{cite web|url = http://web.archive.org/web/20090413195931/http://hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre//roadmap/histories/0472/0472d.html|title = Thallium Research|publisher = United States Department of Energy|accessdate = 2010-05-13}}</ref>而²⁰⁴Tl可以在核反應爐中對鉈的穩定同位素進行中子[[活化]]制成。<ref name="Audi"/><ref name="Audi"/><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1340_web.pdf|title = Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes|publisher = [[國際原子能機構|International Atomic Energy Agency]]|year = 2003|accessdate = 2010-05-13}}</ref> ²⁰¹Tl（半衰期73小時）會以[[電子捕獲]]的方式進行衰變，并釋放Hg [[X射線]]（約70至80&nbsp;[[電子伏特|keV]]）以及總豐度為10%、能量分別為135和167&nbsp;keV的[[光子]]。<ref name="Audi"/>它既能提供良好的示蹤效果，又不會使病人承受過大的輻射劑量，所以是核[[醫學成像]]的理想示蹤劑。它是鉈元素核子心臟負荷測試中最常用的同位素。<ref>{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/?id=CqQgnHrDxrUC&pg=PA173|chapter = Detection, Evaluation, and Risk Stratification of Coronary Artery Disease by Thallium-201 Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy 155|first1 = Jamshid|last1 = Maddahi|first2 = Daniel|last2 =Berman|title = Cardiac SPECT imaging|edition = 2|publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-7817-2007-6|pages = 155–178}}</ref> ²⁰⁸Tl（半衰期3.05分鐘）是釷衰變鏈的自然產物之一。它所釋放的2615&nbsp;keV[[伽馬射線]]是自然背景[[輻射]]中的一大主要高能特征。 ===化學性質=== {{Category see also|鉈化合物}} 鉈的兩個主要氧化態為+1和+3。當處于+1態時，鉈化合物和鉀或銀的化合物十分相近，因此在元素剛被發現后不久，一些歐洲化學家（英國除外）曾把它當做堿金屬。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crookes |first1=William |year=1864 |title=On Thallium |journal=The Journal of the Chemical Society, London |volume=XVII |issue= |pages=112–152 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H58wAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=January 13, 2012 |doi=10.1039/js8641700112 }}</ref>{{rp|126}} 氧化態為+3的化合物與相對應的鋁(III)化合物相似。它們具有較高的氧化性，如Tl³⁺ + 3 e^– → Tl(''s'')反應的還原電勢為+0.72&nbsp;V。氧化鉈(III)是一種黑色固體，在800&nbsp;°C以上溫度會分解，形成氧化鉈(I)和氧氣。<ref name="HollemanAF"/> ==歷史== 1861年，威廉·克魯克斯和克洛德-奧古斯特·拉米（Claude-Auguste Lamy）利用火焰光譜法，分別獨自發現了鉈元素。<ref>* （1861年3月30日）Crookes, William "On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group," ''Chemical News'', vol. 3, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6QcAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA193 pp. 193–194]; reprinted in: {{cite journal|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OhyQnaPXF5QC&pg=RA1-PA301|date=April 1861|doi=<!-- 10.1080/14786446108643058 broken -->|title=XLVI. On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group|volume =21|issue =140|pages =301–305|journal=Philosophical Magazine}}; * （1861年5月18日）Crookes, William "Further remarks on the supposed new metalloid," ''Chemical News'', vol. 3, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6QcAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA303 p. 303]. * （1862年6月19日）Crookes, William "Preliminary researches on thallium," ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London'', vol. 12, pages 150–159. * （1862年5月16日）Lamy, A. "De l'existencè d'un nouveau métal, le thallium," ''Comptes Rendus'', vol. 54, [http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30115.image.r=Comptes+Rendus+Hebdomadaires.f1254.langFR pages 1255–1262].</ref>由于在火焰中發出綠光，所以克魯克斯提議把它命名為“Thallium”，源自[[希臘文]]中的“{{lang|el|θαλλ??}}”（thallos），即“綠芽”之意。<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1021/ed009p2078| title = The discovery of the elements. XIII. Supplementary note on the discovery of thallium| year = 1932| last1 = Weeks| first1 = Mary Elvira| journal = Journal of Chemical Education| volume = 9| issue = 12| page = 2078|bibcode = 1932JChEd...9.2078W }}</ref><ref>Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert (eds.) "[http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/resolveform?lookup=qallos&type=begin&lang=greek&searchText=&options=Sort+Results+Alphabetically&.submit=Submit&formentry=1&lang=greek θαλλο?]", in ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Oxford University Press.</ref> 在羅伯特·威廉·本生和古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫發表有關改進火焰光譜法的論文，<ref>{{cite journal|title = Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen|pages = 337–381|author = G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen|doi = 10.1002/andp.18611890702|journal = [[物理年鑒|Annalen der Physik und Chemie]]|volume = 189|issue = 7|year = 1861|bibcode=1861AnP...189..337K}}</ref>以及在1859至1860年發現銫和銣元素之后，科學家開始廣泛使用火焰光譜法來鑒定礦物和化學物的成份?？唆斂怂褂眠@種新方法判斷[[硒]]化合物中是否含有碲，樣本由[[奧古斯特·威廉·馮·霍夫曼|奧古斯特·霍夫曼]]數年前交給克魯克斯，是德國哈茨山上的一座硫酸工廠進行鉛室法過程后的產物。<ref>{{cite journal|title = Preliminary Researches on Thallium|first = William|last = Crookes|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,|volume = 12|issue = 0|year = 1862–1863|pages = 150–159|jstor = 112218|doi = 10.1098/rspl.1862.0030}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = On Thallium|first = William|last = Crookes|journal =Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,|volume = 153|issue = 0|year = 1863|pages =173–192|jstor = 108794|doi = 10.1098/rstl.1863.0009}}</ref>到了1862年，克魯克斯能夠分離出小部份的新元素，并且對它的一些化合物進行化學分析。<ref name="DeKosky">{{cite journal|title = Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes|first = Robert K.|last = DeKosky|journal = The British Journal for the History of Science|volume = 6|issue = 4|year = 1973|pages = 400–423|jstor = 4025503|doi = 10.1017/S0007087400012553}}</ref>拉米所用的[[光譜儀]]與克魯克斯的相似。以黃鐵礦作為原料的硫酸生產過程會產生含硒物質，拉米對這一物質進行了[[光譜分析]]，同樣觀察到了綠色譜線，因此推斷當中含有新元素。他友人弗雷德·庫爾曼（Fréd Kuhlmann）的硫酸工廠能夠提供大量的副產品，這為拉米的研究帶來了[[化學]]樣本上的幫助。<ref>{{cite journal|title = De l'existencè d'un nouveau métal, le thallium|journal = Comptes Rendus|year = 1862|first = Claude-Auguste|last = Lamy|volume = 54 |pages = 1255–1262|url = http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30115.image.r=Comptes+Rendus+Hebdomadaires.f1254.langFR}}</ref>他判斷了多種鉈化合物的性質，并通過電解法從鉈鹽產生了鉈金屬，再經熔鑄后制成了一小塊鉈金屬。 拉米在1862年倫敦國際博覽會上“為發現新的、充裕的鉈來源”而獲得一枚獎章?？唆斂怂乖诳棺h之后，也“為發現新元素鉈”而獲得獎章。兩人之間有關發現新元素的榮譽之爭議持續到1862至1863年。爭議在1863年6月克魯克斯獲選為英國皇家學會院士之后逐漸消退。<ref name="James">{{cite journal|title =Of 'Medals and Muddles' the Context of the Discovery of Thallium: William Crookes's Early|first = Frank A. J. L.|last = James|journal =Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume = 39|issue = 1|year = 1984|pages = 65–90|jstor = 531576|doi =10.1098/rsnr.1984.0005}}</ref><ref name="Murder">{{cite book|title = The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison|chapter = Thallium|first = John|last =Emsley|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2006|isbn = 978-0-19-280600-0|url = http://books.google.com/?id=BACSR7TXWhoC|pages = 326–327}}</ref><!-- 鉈曾被用作殺鼠劑，減輕[[肺結核]]病人出汗以及一般[[脫毛]]之用。Thallium Toxicity and the Role of Prussian Blue in Therapy 10.1016/S1383-5742(97)00022-7 10.1007/BF01684859 http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=nal;idno=17038117.0238.001--> 鉈一開始的最大用途是殺鼠劑。在多次意外之后，美國于1972年2[[月經]]第11643號[[行政命令 (美國)|行政命令]]禁止使用鉈殺鼠劑。其他國家也接連實施禁令。<ref name="USGS1972">{{cite book | title = Minerals yearbook metals, minerals, and fuels | year = 1972 | chapter = Thallium | page = 1358 | publisher = United States Geological Survey | url = http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/EcoNatRes/EcoNatRes-idx?type=goto&id=EcoNatRes.MinYB1972v1&page=1358&isize=XL| volume = 1 | author = Staff of the Nonferrous Metals Division }}</ref> ==存量及生產== 鉈在地球地殼中并不屬于稀有的物質，含量約為0.7&nbsp;mg/kg，<ref name="USGS-CS2010">{{cite web|first = David E.|last = Guberman|title = Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010: Thallium|url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thallium/mcs-2010-thall.pdf| accessdate = 2010-05-13|publisher = United States Geological Survey}}</ref>主要存在于黏土、土壤和花崗巖中的鉀基礦物內。然而在商業上從這些礦物開采鉈卻并不容易。銅、鉛、錫等重金屬硫化礦中含有微量的鉈元素，這才是其最大的實際來源。<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/BF01684859}}</ref><ref name="Vira">{{cite journal|doi = 10.1016/j.envint.2004.09.003|title = Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns|year = 2005|last1 = Peter|first1 = A|last2 = Viraraghavan|first2 = T|journal = Environment International|volume = 31|pages = 493–501|pmid = 15788190|issue = 4}}</ref> [[File:Hutchinsonite-131710.jpg|thumb|left|[[硫砷鉈鉛礦]][[晶體]]（TlPbAs₅S₉）]] 含有鉈的礦物包括硒鉈銀銅礦（TlCu₇Se₄）、硫砷鉈鉛礦（TlPbAs₅S₉，亦稱紅鉈鉛礦）以及紅鉈礦（TlAsS₂）等。<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1016/0016-7037(52)90003-3|title = The geochemistry of thallium|year = 1952|last1 = Shaw|first1 = D|journal = Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume = 2|issue = 2|pages = 118–154 |bibcode = 1952GeCoA...2..118S }}</ref>黃鐵礦中也含有微量的鉈，鉈是黃鐵礦加工生產硫酸過程中的一種副產品。<ref name="sl2001">{{cite web|title=Chemical fact sheet&nbsp;- Thallium|publisher=''Spectrum Laboratories'' |date=April 2001 |url=http://www.speclab.com/elements/thallium.htm|accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref><ref name="Downs">{{cite book|title = Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium|first =Anthony John|last = Downs|publisher = Springer|year = 1993|isbn = 978-0-7514-0103-5|pages = 90 and 106|url = http://books.google.com/?id=v-04Kn758yIC}}</ref> 鉈也可以從鉛和[[錫礦]]的冶煉過程中取得。海床上所發現的錳結核含有鉈，但如此的開采成本高昂，不切實際。開采過程還可能對生態環境造成破壞。<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1016/j.marchem.2003.09.006|pages = 125–139|title = The mass balance of dissolved thallium in the oceans|year = 2004|issue = 3–4|last1 = Rehkamper|first1 = M|journal = Marine Chemistry|volume = 85|last2 = Nielsen|first2 = Sune G.}}</ref>另外，以銻、砷、銅、鉛或銀為主要成份的一些礦物可以含有16%至60%的鉈，但這類礦物極為罕見，所以并未成為商業開采的主要來源。<ref name="USGS-CS2010"/>位于[[馬其頓共和國|馬其頓]]南部的阿爾沙爾礦場（{{lang-mk|Алшар}}）是歷史上唯一一處開采鉈的礦場。礦藏是幾種稀有鉈礦物的來源，如紅鉈礦，估計總的鉈含量仍有500噸。<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1016/0168-9002(88)90170-2|title = The Allchar Tl–As–Sb deposit, Yugoslavia and its specific metallogenic features|year = 1988|last1 = Jankovic|first1 = S.|journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|volume = 271|issue = 2|page = 286|bibcode = 1988NIMPA.271..286J }}</ref><!-- The "Alshar" epithermal Au-As-Sb-Tl deposit, located in southern Macedonia, is the only larger mining area 10.1134/S1075701506030020 http://www.jstor.org/pss/2843882 --> 鉈是銅、錫和鉛冶煉過程的副產品，<ref name="USGS-CS2010"/>可以從煙氣或熔渣中萃取出來。<ref name="USGS-CS2010"/>這些物質都含有許多鉈以外的礦物雜質，所以首先要進行[[純化]]。原料經堿或硫酸浸洗后，可洗出鉈元素，經沉淀移除更多的雜質。最后產生的硫酸鉈可以經[[電解]]把鉈金屬堆積在鉑片或不銹鋼片上。<ref name="Downs"/>美國地質調查局估計，鉈的全球總年產量為10噸左右。<ref name="USGS-CS2010"/>產量在1995年至2009年間從15噸下降到10噸，降幅為33%。如果鉈有更大的實際應用，例如仍在實驗階段的含鉈高溫超導體，根據目前鉈礦藏的存量，產量是能夠重新提高的。<ref name="USGS-CS2010">{{cite web|first = Gerald R.|last = Smith| title = Mineral commodity summaries 1996: Thallium|url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thallium/thallmcs96.pdf| accessdate = 2010-05-13|publisher = United States Geological Survey}}</ref> ==應用== ===已淘汰的用途=== 硫酸亞鉈無臭無味，曾被廣泛用作殺鼠劑和殺蟲劑。自1972年起，美國已禁止硫酸亞鉈的使用，<ref name="USGS1972"/>其他國家也接著陸續實施禁令。<ref name="sl2001"/>人們曾使用鉈鹽來治療癬等[[皮膚]]感染病，以及減輕肺結核病人[[夜間盜汗]]的情況。不過這一用途頗為有限，因為鉈鹽的[[治療指數]]區間較窄，更先進的相應藥物也很快將其淘汰了。<ref name=CRC/><ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1930.tb09395.x|pages =59–69|title = The Treatment of Ringworm of The Scalp with Thallium Acetate|year = 1930|issue = 2|last1 = Percival|first1 = G. H.|journal = British Journal of Dermatology|volume = 42}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00126-X| pages =1–13|title = Thallium toxicity|year = 1998|last1 = Galvanarzate|first1 = S|journal = Toxicology Letters|volume = 99|pmid = 9801025|last2 = Santamar??a|first2 = A|issue = 1}}</ref> ===光學=== 溴化鉈和碘化鉈晶體硬度較高，而且能夠透射波長極長的光線，所以是良好的紅外線光學材料，商品名為KRS-5和KRS-6。<ref>{{cite journal|pages = 338–346|doi = 10.1364/JOSA.46.000956|title = Refraction and Dispersion of Thallium Bromide Iodide|year = 1956|last1 = Rodney|issue = 11|first1 = William S.|last2 = Malitson|first2 = Irving H.|journal = Journal of the Optical Society of America |volume = 46}}</ref>氧化亞鉈可用來制造高[[折射率]]玻璃，而與硫或硒和砷結合后，可以制成高密度、低熔點（125至150&nbsp;°C）玻璃。這種玻璃在室溫下特性和普通玻璃相似，耐用、不溶于水，且具有特殊的折射率。<ref>{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/?id=jOOSKQHEJdwC&pg=PA52| publisher =CRC Press|title = Glasses for infrared optics|isbn = 978-0-8493-3785-7|year = 1996|first = Valentina F. |last = Kokorina}}</ref> ===電子=== [[File:Thallium rod corroded.jpg|thumb|right|受侵蝕的鉈金屬棒]] 硫化亞鉈的電導率會隨紅外線的照射而變化，所以能應用于光敏電阻。<ref name=CRC>{{cite book| author = Hammond, C. R. |title = The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition| publisher =CRC press| isbn = 0-8493-0485-7}}</ref>硒化鉈被用于輻射熱測量計中，以探測紅外線。<ref>{{cite journal| bibcode = 1977ApOpt..16.2942N| title = Thallium selenide infrared detector| author = Nayer, P. S, Hamilton, O.| journal = Appl. Opt.| volume = 16| issue = 11| page =2942|year =1977| doi = 10.1364/AO.16.002942}}</ref>在硒半導體中摻入鉈，可以提高其效能，所以一些硒整流器中含有這種含鉈半導體。<ref name=CRC/>另一項鉈的應用是在伽馬射線探測器中的[[碘化鈉]]里作摻雜物。碘化鈉晶體內摻入少量鉈，可以增強它產生電離閃爍的效果。<ref>{{cite journal|pages =796–810|doi =10.1103/PhysRev.75.796|title =The Detection of Gamma-Rays with Thallium-Activated Sodium Iodide Crystals|year =1949|issue =5|last1 =Hofstadter|first1 =Robert|journal =Physical Review|volume =75|bibcode = 1949PhRv...75..796H }}</ref>氧分析儀中的一些[[電極]]也含有鉈元素。<ref name="sl2001"/> ===高溫超導=== 科學家正在進行有關鉈高溫超導體方面的研究，潛在應用包括[[磁共振成像]]及發電和電力傳輸等。這些研究在1988年首個鉈鋇鈣銅氧超導體被發現之后開始。<ref>{{cite journal|journal = Nature|volume = 332|issue = 6160|pages = 138–139|year = 1988|doi = 10.1038/332138a0|title = Bulk superconductivity at 120 K in the Tl–Ca/Ba–Cu–O system|first = Z. Z.|last =Sheng|coauthors = Hermann A. M.|bibcode=1988Natur.332..138S}}</ref>銅酸鉈超導體的臨界溫度超過120&nbsp;K。一些摻[[汞]]的銅酸鉈超導體在常壓下的臨界溫度甚至超過130&nbsp;K，幾乎達到已知臨界溫度最高的銅酸汞超導體。<ref>{{cite journal|title=Stabilization of the Tl₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀ superconductor by Hg doping|author=Jia, Y. X.; Lee, C. S.; Zettl, A.|journal=Physica C|volume =234|issue= 1–2|pages=24–28|bibcode=1994PhyC..234...24J|doi=10.1016/0921-4534(94)90049-3|year=1994}}</ref> ===醫學=== 在核醫學廣泛使用锝-99m之前，半衰期為73小時的鉈-201曾經是核心動描記所使用的主要放射性同位素。今天，鉈-201也被用于針對[[冠心病]]危險分層的負荷測試當中。<ref>{{cite book |title = Essential cardiology: principles and practice|chapter = Nuclear imaging in cardiovascular medicine|first1 = Diwakar|last1 = Jain|first2 = Barry L.|last2 = Zaret|editor = Clive Rosendorff|pages = 221–222| isbn = 978-1-58829-370-1|publisher = Humana Press|url = http://books.google.com/?id=cY182J9q5NoC&pg=PA222|year = 2005|edition = 2}}</ref><!--<ref>[http://www.wramc.amedd.army.mil/departments/nuclear/PatientInfo/Thallium.htm Thallium Test] from Walter Reed Army Medical Center</ref><ref>[http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4743 Thallium Stress Test] from the American Heart Association</ref>-->這一同位素的產生器與用來生成锝-99m的類似。<ref>{{cite journal|title = An integrally shielded transportable generator system for thallium-201 production|journal = International Journal of Applied Radiation Isotopes|year = 1982|volume = 33|issue = 12|pages = 1439–1443|last = Lagunas-Solar|first = M. C.|coauthors = Little, F. E.; Goodart, C. D.|url = http://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/7169272 Abstract|doi = 10.1016/0020-708X(82)90183-1|pmid = 7169272}}</ref>產生器中的鉛-201（半衰期9.33小時）會經電子捕獲衰變成鉈-201。鉛-201則是在回旋加速器中通過(p,3n)或(d,4n)反應分別對鉈進行質子或氘核撞擊而產生的。<ref>[http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Tl/Tl201/prod.html Thallium-201 production] from [[哈佛醫學院|Harvard Medical School]]'s Joint Program in Nuclear Medicine</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title =Thallium-201 for medical use| url =http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/2/151|pmid =1110421|journal =The Journal of Nuclear Medicine|volume =16|issue =2|pages =151–5|year =1975 | last1 = Lebowitz | first = E.| last2 = Greene | first2 = M. W.| last3 = Fairchild | first3 = R.| last4 = Bradley-Moore | first4 = P. R.| last5 = Atkins | first5 = H. L.| last6 = Ansari | first6 =A. N.| last7 = Richards | first7 = P.| last8 = Belgrave | first8 = E.}}</ref> ====鉈負荷測試==== 鉈負荷測試是閃爍掃描法的一種，它通過測量鉈的含量來推算組織[[血液]]供應量。活[[心肌細胞]]擁有正常的[[鈉鉀泵|鈉鉀離子交換泵]]。Tl⁺離子會與K⁺泵結合，進入細胞內。<ref name=GJTaylor>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=u_A5BSqsb20C&pg=PA100|page=100|title=Primary care cardiology |author=Taylor, George J. |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2004 |isbn= 1-4051-0386-8}}</ref>運動以及[[腺苷]]、[[雙嘧達莫]]等[[血管擴張劑]]都可以造成[[冠狀動脈]]竊流。擴張了的正常[[動脈]]血液量和流速都會增加，[[梗死]]或[[缺血]]的組織則會呈現較小的變化。<ref>{{cite web|title=Pharmacologic Stress Testing|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1827166-overview|author=Akinpelu, David|publisher=Medscape|accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref>這種血液[[重組]]現象是缺血性冠心病的征兆。通過比對負荷前后的鉈分布情況，可以判斷需要進行[[心肌]][[血管]]重建術的組織部份。<ref name=GJTaylor/> ===其他用途=== 一種汞鉈合金在鉈含量為8.5%時形成共晶系統，其熔點為?60&nbsp;°C，比汞的熔點還要低20&nbsp;°C。這種合金被用于[[溫度計]]和[[低溫]]開關當中。<ref name=CRC/>在有機合成方面，鉈(III)鹽（如三硝酸鉈和三[[乙酸]]鉈）可以為芳香烴、酮類、烯烴等的轉化反應作[[試劑]]。<ref>{{cite journal|pages = 956–960|doi =10.1021/ar50034a003|title = Thallium in organic synthesis|year = 1970|last1 = Taylor|issue = 10|first1 = Edward Curtis|last2 = McKillop|first2 = Alexander|journal = Accounts of Chemical Research|volume = 3}}</ref>鉈是鎂海水電池陽極板的合金材料成份之一。<ref name="sl2001"/>可溶鉈鹽加入鍍金液中，可以加快鍍金速度和降低鍍金層的粒度。<ref>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hDwX3slSvQ4C&pg=PA113 | pages = 113–115 | title = Integrated circuit, hybrid, and multichip module package design guidelines: a focus on reliability | isbn = 978-0-471-59446-8 | author1 = Pecht, Michael | date = 1994-03-01}}</ref> [[甲酸]]鉈(I)（Tl(CHO₂)）和丙二酸鉈(I)（Tl(C₃H₃O₄)）的等量混合水溶液稱為克列[[里奇]]溶液（Clerici solution，亦稱輕重礦分離液）。它是一種無臭液體，顏色會隨鉈鹽濃度的降低而從黃色變為清澈。溶液在20&nbsp;°C密度為4.25&nbsp;g/cm³，是已知最重的水溶液之一。人們利用礦物在克列里奇溶液上漂浮的原理，測量各種礦物的密度。然而由于鉈的[[毒性]]和溶液的[[腐蝕性]]，這種方法逐漸被淘汰了。<ref name=jahns>{{cite journal|title=Clerici solution for the specific gravity determination of small mineral grains|url= http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM24/AM24_116.pdf| volume=24|page=116 |year=1939|author=Jahns, R. H. |journal=American mineralogist}}</ref><ref name=b1>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tfXa13uWiRIC&pg=PA63|pages=63–64|title=Gemmology|author=Peter G. Read |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=1999|isbn=0-7506-4411-7}}</ref><!-- http://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA108 Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium Von Anthony John Downs Uses of ThalliumSpringer, 19939780751401035 http://books.google.com/books?id=fIu58uZTE-gC&pg=PA390 Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals Von Alan M. Russell,Kok Loong Lee 9780471649526John Wiley and Sons, 2005 http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thallium/mcs-2010-thall.pdf 10.1016/j.envint.2004.09.003 --> 碘化鉈可以添加在金屬[[鹵化物]]燈中，優化燈的溫度和顏色。<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1364/JOSA.54.000532|title=Characteristics of Mercury Vapor-Metallic Iodide Arc Lamps|year=1964|last1=Reiling|first1=Gilbert H.|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America|volume=54|issue=4|page=532}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1364/AO.6.001563|title=The Effect of Thallium Iodide on the Arc Temperature of Hg Discharges|year=1967|last1=Gallo|first1=C. F.|journal=Applied Optics|volume=6|issue=9|pages=1563–5|pmid=20062260|bibcode = 1967ApOpt...6.1563G }}</ref>它可以使燈光靠近綠色，這對水底照明非常有用。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/11/science/undersea-quest-for-giant-squids-and-rare-sharks.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=UNDERSEA QUEST FOR GIANT SQUIDS AND RARE SHARKS|author=Wilford, John Noble|date=1987-08-11}}</ref> ==毒性及污染== {{main|鉈中毒}} 鉈及其化合物毒性極高，在處理時的安全措施需格外嚴格。迄今已有多件因鉈中毒而死亡的案例。<ref>[http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/02/thallium_is_favored_method_of.html A 15-year-old case yields a timely clue in deadly thallium poisoning]. NJ.com (2011-02-13). Retrieved on 2013-09-03.</ref>鉈需避免與皮膚接觸，而在[[熔化]]鉈金屬時，也需保證充分的通風。鉈(I)化合物的[[水溶性]]高，可以輕易透過皮膚吸收。根據美國勞工部，鉈的允許暴露限值為，平均8小時內每平方米不超過0.1毫克。<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_271500.html Chemical Sampling Information | Thallium, soluble compounds (as Tl)]. Osha.gov. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref>經皮膚進入體內的鉈可以超過經呼吸吸收的量。<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/surfacecontamination/ Safety and Health Topics | Surface Contamination]. Osha.gov. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref>鉈對于人類是一種懷疑致癌物。<ref name="WebEl">{{cite web|url = http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Tl/biol.html|title = Biology of Thallium|publisher = webelemnts| accessdate = 2008-11-11}}</ref>由于毒性高、幾乎無味、可溶于水，所以歷史上因意外或犯罪導致鉈中毒死傷的案例并不鮮見。<ref name="Murder"/> 從人體移除鉈元素的方法之一是使用能夠吸收鉈的[[普魯士藍]]。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Yongsheng|last2=Faustino|first2=Patrick J.|last3=Progar|first3=Joseph J.|last4=Brownell|first4=Charles R.|last5=Sadrieh|first5=Nakissa|last6=May|first6=Joan C.|last7=Leutzinger|first7=Eldon|last8=Place|first8=David A.|last9=Duffy|first9=Eric P.|last10=Yu|first10=Lawrence X.|last11=Khan|first11=Mansoor A.|last12=Lyon|first12=Robbe C.|title=Quantitative determination of thallium binding to ferric hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue|year=2008|journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics|volume=353|issue=1–2|pages=187–194|doi=10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.11.031|pmid = 18226478|display-authors=3}}</ref>病人每天需口服最多20克普魯士藍，藥物通過[[消化系統]]后經糞便排出體外。[[血液透析]]和[[血液灌流]]方法也可以把鉈從血液中移除。在治療的后期階段，病人需服用額外的鉀，把鉈從組織中帶出來。<ref>[http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/prussianblue.asp Prussian blue fact sheet]. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last = Malbrain|first = Manu L. N. G.|coauthors = Lambrecht, Guy L. Y.; Zandijk, Erik; Demedts, Paul A.; Neels, Hugo M.; Lambert, Willy; De Leenheer, André P.; Lins, Robert L.; Daelemans, Ronny;|year = 1997|title = Treatment of Severe Thallium Intoxication|journal = Clinical Toxicology|volume = 35|issue = 1|pages = 97–100|doi = 10.3109/15563659709001173|pmid = 9022660}}</ref> 根據美國國家環境保護局，鉈的人為污染源包括水泥工廠所排放的氣體、發電廠所燃燒的煤以及金屬下水道。礦物加工時對鉈進行淋溶的過程是造成水源中鉈含量增高的主要原因。<ref name="Vira"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.epa.gov/safewater/pdfs/factsheets/ioc/thallium.pdf|accessdate = 2009-09-15| title = Factsheet on: Thallium|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> ==參考資料== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==外部鏈接== * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/081.htm Thallium] at ''The Periodic Table of Videos''（諾丁漢大學） * [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic926.htm Toxicity, thallium] * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+thallium,+elemental NLM hazardous substances databank&nbsp;– Thallium, elemental] * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts54.html ATSDR – ToxFAQs] * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0608.html CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] [[Category:鉈| ]] [[Category:硼族元素]] [[Category:第6周期元素|6a]] [[Category:化學元素|6a]] ==參考來源== *[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%8A 維基百科-鉈]

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